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The present document is a summary of the update and maintenance of the EFSA's Chemical Hazards Database that has been established few years ago to map the hazard data as collected from the EFSA opinions, statements and conclusions...
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The present document is a summary of the update and maintenance of the EFSA's Chemical Hazards Database that has been established few years ago to map the hazard data as collected from the EFSA opinions, statements and conclusions; more specifically the repository holds summary data on chemical identification, document descriptors, hazard identification, and hazard characterisation/ risk characterisation. The repository includes data extracted from opinions and statements adopted by a number of EFSA panels including NDA (vitamins and minerals, novel foods, dietetic products), CONTAM (contaminants in the food chain, contaminants in the feed chain), FEEDAP (feed additives‐application linked to 1381/2003, feed additives‐application under to 1381/2003, feed additives‐other), AFC (food additives, food contact materials, nutrient sources, processing aids, flavourings), CEF (food contact materials, food manufacturing processes, processing aids, flavourings), ANS (food additives, nutrient sources) and PPR (pesticides). Substances which do not fall within the category of chemicals (e.g., microorganisms and enzymes) are excluded from the EFSA's Chemical Hazards Database.
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The present document is a summary of the update and maintenance of the EFSA's Chemical Hazards Database ‘OpenFoodTox’ that has been developed over the last 6 years to map hazards data as published in the EFSA opinions, statement...
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The present document is a summary of the update and maintenance of the EFSA's Chemical Hazards Database ‘OpenFoodTox’ that has been developed over the last 6 years to map hazards data as published in the EFSA opinions, statements and conclusions. More specifically, the repository holds summary data on identification of chemicals, document descriptors, hazard identification, and hazard characterisation. The repository includes data extracted from opinions and statements adopted by a number of EFSA panels including NDA (vitamins and minerals, novel foods, dietetic products), CONTAM (contaminants in the food chain, contaminants in the feed chain), FEEDAP (feed additives‐application linked to 1381/2003, feed additives‐application under to 1381/2003, feed additives‐other), AFC (food additives, food contact materials, nutrient sources, processing aids, flavourings), CEF (food contact materials, food manufacturing processes, processing aids, flavourings), ANS (food additives, nutrient sources) and the Pesticides unit. Substances which do not fall within the category of chemicals (e.g., microorganisms, fungi, nematodes, and enzymes) are excluded from EFSA's Chemical Hazards Database.
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Abstract Housing is the most important durable good consumed by households. This paper assesses the distributional effects of including the value of the flow of dwelling’s services consumed by households with respect to the case ...
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Abstract Housing is the most important durable good consumed by households. This paper assesses the distributional effects of including the value of the flow of dwelling’s services consumed by households with respect to the case where such value is excluded, testing different estimation methods in four developing countries. Including rental values leads to statistically significant and sizable changes in indicators of poverty and inequality that might also determine an international reranking of countries. This paper advances for the first time a step-by-step guide to the estimation of rental values, using information typically available in household surveys. As housing gains importance with the level of development of countries, accounting for rental values becomes significant in antipoverty programs, which need accurate information to minimize errors of inclusion and exclusion and the potential waste of scarce public resources.
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Incomes in surveys suffer from various measurement problems, most notably in the tails of their distributions. We study the prevalence of negative and zero incomes, and their implications for inequality and poverty measurement rel...
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Incomes in surveys suffer from various measurement problems, most notably in the tails of their distributions. We study the prevalence of negative and zero incomes, and their implications for inequality and poverty measurement relying on 57 harmonized data sets from the Luxembourg Income Study and Economic Research Forum databases, covering 12 Mediterranean countries over the period 1995–2016. This paper explains the composition and sources of negative and zero incomes, and assesses the distributional impacts of alternative correction methods on poverty and inequality measures. It finds that the main source of negative disposable incomes is negative self‐employment income, and that high tax, social security withholding, and high self‐paid social security contributions account for negative incomes in some countries. Using detailed information on expenditure, we conclude that households with negative incomes are typically as well off as, or even better off than, other households in terms of material well‐being. On the contrary, zero‐income households are found to be materially deprived. Adjusting poverty and inequality measures for these findings can alter these measures significantly.
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The scope of this paper is to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Gini index by providing the original formulae. Corrado Gini introduced his index for the first time in a 1912 book published in Italian under the name of “Varia...
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The scope of this paper is to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Gini index by providing the original formulae. Corrado Gini introduced his index for the first time in a 1912 book published in Italian under the name of “Variabilità e Mutabilità” (Variability and Mutability). This article provides selected extracts of Part I of the book dedicated to measures of variability. We find that Gini proposed no less than 13 formulations of his index, none of which is known today to the large public. We also find that Gini anticipated some of the developments that derived from the study of his index.
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Starting from an industry where production is provided by a public monopolist, we observe the effects of a sequence of reforms within the network industry on consumer surplus. Using a simple comparative statics framework, we find ...
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Starting from an industry where production is provided by a public monopolist, we observe the effects of a sequence of reforms within the network industry on consumer surplus. Using a simple comparative statics framework, we find the indifference conditions for the consumer surplus under the following regimes: a public monopoly, an unregulated private monopoly, a regulated private monopoly, a vertically disintegrated monopoly, a duopoly and a liberalized market. The results are determined by the relative size of the x-inefficiencies of the public monopolist, allocative inefficiencies of the private monopoly, the cost of unbundling and the costs related to establishing a competitive market.
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摘要 :
Starting from an industry where production is provided by a public monopolist, we observe the effects of a sequence of reforms within the network industry on consumer surplus. Using a simple comparative statics framework, we find ...
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Starting from an industry where production is provided by a public monopolist, we observe the effects of a sequence of reforms within the network industry on consumer surplus. Using a simple comparative statics framework, we find the indifference conditions for the consumer surplus under the following regimes: a public monopoly, an unregulated private monopoly, a regulated private monopoly, a vertically disintegrated monopoly, a duopoly and a liberalized market. The results are determined by the relative size of the x-inefficiencies of the public monopolist, allocative inefficiencies of the private monopoly, the cost of unbundling and the costs related to establishing a competitive market.
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